Enhancing apple adventitious shoot regeneration: The role of MdAIL5 in hormonal signaling and gene activation

Plants exhibit a remarkable capacity for self-repair and regeneration, a process crucial for adapting to environmental changes and underpinned by cellular totipotency or pluripotency. Apple is one of the model plants for the study of perennial woody fruit trees. The leaf disk method is mainly used to transform apples genetically, and an efficient adventitious shoot (AS) regeneration system dictates the success of this transformation.